Communicative Functions of Sentences

Communicative Functions of Sentences (Timothy. Shopen 2007) stated that, there are at least four senses in which one can talk about clause or sentence types in a language. One way is in terms of the distinction between declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. A second sense of clause type is represented by the distinction between main clause and subordinate clause, and among different types of subordinate clauses. Issues related to this sense are discussed in the chapters on subordination, A third sense of clause type concerns the way the same event or situation can be spoken about, from different perspectives, with grammatical consequences such as voice and pragmatic consequences such as topic and focus. The fourth sense, the one discussed, involves different types of clauses in terms of their internal structure, primarily surrounding different types of predicates. Here, the most basic distinction is between verbal and nonverbal predicates. Literature review: Sentence in traditional grammar Introduction: B.A.Okolo(2008) stated that the traditional grammarian fellow a certain procedure according to what he understand about the nature of the language, he added that if the language is the reflection of our thought, then there must be correlation between what we think and the language that we express our thoughts, and that why traditional grammarian began his description with complete meaning full statement, imposing that each sentence must has subject and predicate, thus these parts contribute each other to the meaning of the whole sentences. Definition of a sentence in traditional grammar Sidney. Greenbaum (2002) stated that the traditional definition of the sentence is that A sentence is a group of words that express a complete thought but he argued that this definition is notional, because it could lead to misunderstanding to what it meant by a complete thought, so he approved this assumption by explaining that some sentences have more than a thought. B. A. Okolo (2008) added that the words complete thought in traditional definition of a sentences do not mean logically complete, because logical complete thought does not turned out to be a sentence, but the paragraph, the essay, the chapter or even the whole book. Sidney (2002) defined the sentence as a group of words that begins with capital letter and ends with full stop, but again he argued this definition stating that there are a large number of sentences begin with two capital letters (in the case of nouns) and still considered as sentences, and others begin with capital letter but not end with capital letter like imperatives, exclamations and questions, so this definition is not adequate. Another common definition of sentence in traditional grammar is that a sentence is a group of words that consist of subject and predicate but A. B (2008) argued that by stating that lots of sentences in English do not consist of subject take like for example imperative take off your shoes thus sentence is easy to describe (explain) rather than define. Bas Arts and April MCmahan (2006) defined the sentence as A sentence is basically a group of words which are tied together and convey an idea, event or description. The words in an English sentence have a certain order and rules regarding ways to either expand or shorten it. The boundaries of a sentence are easily recognized, as it begins with a capital letter and ends with a terminal punctuation mark (period, question mark or exclamation point). It is important for English writers to know the language of sentence grammar terms in order to be able to analyze and develop their writing Sentence types according to meaning and word order: M. Verspoor and K. Sauter (2000) stated that English sentences can be classified according to communicative functions and patterns into four basic finds: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamatory sentence patterns, they added that when people communicate, they communicate for various reasons, but the four main reasons are: To inform someone of something To get information from someone To get someone to do something To express ones attitude about something And each of these communicative functions has the following patterns John is leaving. Is John leaving? Leave! How awful John is leaving! So these patterns have the following syntactic characteristics: Subject- whole verb Part of verb- subject- rest of the verb Verb by itself How à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Followed by remainder of sentence Thus the words john is leaving express the following functions Informing (declarative) Asking for information (interrogative) Getting someone to do something (imperative) Expressing feeling/attitude (exclamatory) B.A.Okol (2008) added that traditional grammarians generally agreed that sentences can express four kinds of meaning Facts (declarative sentences) The declarative sentence is used chiefly to make an assertion; usually it states a fact, but sometimes a probability, a possibility, or even an impossibility, the normal word-order of the declarative sentence is subject-verb or subject-verb-complement. This order is usually changed. Commands (imperative sentences) An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request, there is usually no formal difference between an imperative sentence with expressed subject and a declarative sentence. Thus you sing out of context may be either a request that you do the singing (imperative) or a remark that you know how to sing (declarative). But sentences using the verb (be) can be distinguished by the form of the verb: You be the singer (imperative) You are the singer (declarative) Questions (interrogative sentences) The interrogative sentence usually asks a question Exclamations (exclamatory sentences) An exclamations sentence expresses feeling or emotion. Exclamatory sentences are often introduced by what or how, as a modifier of the complement Interrogative Sentences The interrogative sentence usually asks a question: Have you seen Sam? Do you know that John is sick? Did the doctor say it will be twins? Is the food good? Sentence according to verbal predicate Transitive and intransitive clause: Timothy Shopen (2007) explained that the distinction of the clause with verbal predicates, is that the distinction between transitive and intransitive, transitive clause takes two or more argument, whereas intransitive takes only one argument, so in languages like English the distinction can be, by saying that transitive clause has an object, whereas intransitive does not as in the following examples: My dog ate the hamburger (transitive) My dog is sleeping in the abasement From the examples above, it is clear that transitive verbs like eat need an object to complete the meaning of the clause, but intransitive verbs like sleep does not need an object, although there a prepositional phrase followed the verb sleep in the above sentence but it is not an object, it is an adjunct because the meaning is still complete if this prepositional phrase removed from the sentence. Ditransitive clause Timothy (2007) stated that some English constructions contain more than object, or at least two nonsubject arguments, so these constructions are so called ditransitives as the examples below explain: Nancy gave Jeff some flowers Bob told Sally a story So in these examples the noun phrases Jeff and Sally are so called indirect object, and the noun phrases some flowers and a story are direct object, in the previous examples indirect objects flowed immediately the verb, whereas direct objects end the sentence, but in the construction with preposition direct object flowed the verb immediately and indirect object flowed the preposition as in the following constructions: Nancy gave some flowers to Jeff Bob told a story to Sally Data collection and analysis: Data collection: For the purpose of this assignment the researcher selected randomly a chapter from the book titled, the memories of babikr bedri, this book is written by Babikr Bedri in Arabic and translated to English by his son yousif bedri, the chapter selected is chapter one which is titled, Babyhood and Youth page 1-14 . And the motivation beyond this is to investigate clause types in English language according to the following criteria: According to meaning and word order And according to verbal predicates Data analysis: The data collected for the purpose of this study were analyzed in the following steps: Step one: to identify clause types according to meaning and word order Step two: to identify clause types according to verbal predicates Step one Clause according to meaning and word order Facts (declarative sentences) Our teacher sat down (Para 1 Page 6) I mastered the memorization of koran in the year 1880 (Para 4 Page 7) We arrived in Madani (Para 5 Page 9) Commands (imperative sentences) Come here (Para 2 Page 5) Go and wash your slat (the same Para) Come and write what you washed off before (Para 3 Page 5) Questions (interrogative sentences) When and in what circumstances did you copy this book? (Para 2 Page 12) Do you eat better than that in rufaa? (Para 2 Page 10) What food do you have? (Para 2 Page 10) To who did recite the previous piece? (Para 2 page 5) Who was with you? (Para 2 page 5) Exclamations (exclamatory sentences) How he put me down (Para 3 Page 1) Step two Clause according to verbal predicates Transitive clause Our teacher Muhammad had studied the Koran and other subjects (Para 2 Page 12) I was explained the word wabar (Para 3 Page 10) Intransitive clause We all laughed (Para 3 Page 10) We agreed (Para 3 Page 10) Ditransitive clause My parents told me that I was born on 8 August 1861 (Para 1 Page 1) Let me tell you about this man (Para 1 Page 4) A pupils family send a feast to the school (Para 1 page 7) She put my books in a cloth satchel (Para 2 Page 9) Conclusion In this study, you saw that sentences may have different communicative functions and that each of these communicative functions is expressed with a typical sentence pattern, called the declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory pattern. The declarative sentence pattern is the most common and will be studied the most in this study. A typical declarative sentence gives information about a situation or event and may name one or more participants, a process, an attribute of one of the participants, and various aspects of the setting. The sentence constituents naming these are subject, and predicate. The predicate names the process, and possibly other participants, attributes or setting. The predicate consists of a predicator, which names the process, and its complement. The complement in the clause with verbal predicate (transitive, intransitive and ditransitive) can be a direct object and indirect object. If there is a direct object, there may also be either an indirect or benefactive object or an object attribute in the complement. English language is unlike other languages, it can employ different clause types in its sentences according to different aspects that why anyone could not talk about definit clause types without referring to all these criteria, but I think that clause can explained rather than classified.

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Change management Change is constant, integral part of our personal and professional lives. Change occurs in our world and beyond, at national and global level, in political and socio-economical areas, in management of organisations. As the contemporary world becomes more complicated and significantly interrelated, it forces companies to change their work strategies and become globally competitive (Jeritt, 2013). These pressures for change should be identified by management and immediately enact change management process to increase productivity and performance (Marked By Teachers, 2004). Achievement of such objectives is paramount for organisations; despite of challenges which may originate during implementation of changes (Content Writing, 2012). According to Techopedia (2013): ‘Organisational Change Management is a framework structured around the changing needs and capabilities of an organization. OCM is used to prepare, adopt and implement fundamental and radical organizational changes, including its culture, policies, procedures and physical environment, as well as employee roles, skills and responsibilities.’ Kotter (2009) defines change management as the utilization of basic structures and tools to control any organizational change effort. Today for implementation and monitoring changing process are known plenty of different models. It will be analyzed and evaluated most common models which are Lewin's Change Management Model, ADKAR model and Kotter's Eight Step Change Model. Each model provide particular approach with own advantages and disadvantages therefore it’s significantly important to clearly understand each of the three change management models (Cellars, 2007). Lewin's Change Management Model Kurt Lewin presente... ...tion. Organisational culture provides as opportunities as well as issues for companies. If culture combines with organization’s strategic and operating targets, it can stimulate improvement of performance and efficiency. At the same time dissimilarity of organisation culture and targets may lead for pernicious results (Katzenbach Center, 2013). Thus, organisational culture affects practically on all aspects of the company and it’s exceptional for every organisation and also one of the arduous objects to change (Business Dictionary, 2013. Hence, applying of culture within organisation include analysis of complex of features as beliefs, ideologies and values of company. According to Investopedia (2013) organisational culture define as: ‘The beliefs and behaviors that determine how a company's employees and management interact and handle outside business transactions’.

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Principles Of Management Wk 1: Dis In this week’s discussion you will begin to explain the four management functions and the evolution of management thought. In Chapter 11, â€Å"Motivation† read pages 360-390 and answer questions from â€Å"Why Won’t They Take a Break? † on page 391. Discuss the following: Which motivation theory(s) do you think would help communicate the importance of vacation time to your employees? I would go with McClellands learned needs theory. This theory suggest that people are motivated by need of affiliation as well as achievement.I think by explaining to employees the benefit of vacation time could be used to express the importance of it, by suggesting to employees that vacation time can be used for time other than the goal to save for a vacation. emergency's can arise and vacation time is a helpful way to get through what could possibly be a tough patch as well as the perks of taking vacation time for in fact a vacation. the b enefits could be used to suit the individuals needs as well as personal goals. How would you convince your employees that working less hours, not more, is more beneficial for them and the company?I would honestly explain to my employees how working less hours can prevent them from becoming ‘burned out' and decreasing performance. I would also explain plainly how by working more hours when not necessary is draining on the company and its ability to afford the employee's salary's. however i would one on one discuss the goals of each employee using McClellands theory's to work with the individual at reaching those personal goals even with a lack of excessive hours required. Please remember to cite the text and any outside sources used. Wk 2: DisConsider the particular management functions which apply to scenarios such as domestic and international business. For this week’s class discussion you will locate a news article which will help you to explain and apply these manage ment functions. First, find a recent news article about an organization that is experiencing change. Then, discuss the following: How is the organization applying each of the four functions of management (planning, organizing, leading, controlling) to address this change? I found a news article on Starbucks. Starbuck has a threat to their coffee supply due to climate change.Starbuck used the four functions of management and their results are showing success. Planning: Their goal is to reduce the Green House Gasses. Their means to succeed is to come up with an efficiency program to reduce their environmental footprint, use reusable energy, and reduce carbon emissions Organizing: They tried to talk to congress to take action but failed. So they started to work with local producers to take their own action. Leading: They partnered up with Conservation International to improve their production, and to conserve and restore natural habitat. The also worked with farmers in order to reduce carbon emissions.Control: They are keeping track of their progress by conducting an inventory of their use of Green House Gas. The result in 2010 was 1,006,854 metric tons of GHG they were using. In 2011 the results were 979,963 metric ton of GHG being used. A reduction of 2. 7%. They are continuing to monitor the GHG use. Since the efficiency program is working they will continue trying to find more ways to reduce their use of GHG. http://www. starbucks. com/responsibility/environment/climate-change Wk 3: Dis Now that you have learned about aspects of the communications model, such as anaging communication, planning, and decision making, you will explain the communications model from the sender’s and receiver’s perspectives in this week’s class discussion. Discuss the following: Explain the steps to successfully communicate a message to a receiver. Which steps of the process do you find most challenging in your communications and why? The first step is the mess age†¦. The message is the information that you want to communicate. The next step is encoding†¦ This is the process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end. Your success in encoding depends partly on your ability to convey information clearly and simply, but also on your ability to anticipate and eliminate sources of confusion the key part of this is knowing your audience. Failure to understand who you are communicating with will result in delivering messages that are misunderstood. channel†¦ messages are conveyed through channels, with verbal including face-to-face meetings, telephone and videoconferencing; and written including letters, emails, memos and reports. Different channels have different strengths and weaknesses. decoding†¦Just as successful encoding is a skill, so is successful decoding just as confusions can arise from errors in encoding, it can also arise from decodi ng errors. This is particularly the case if the decoder doesn't have enough knowledge to understand the message. receiver†¦ your message is delivered to individual members of your audience. No doubt, you have in mind the actions or reactions you hope your message will get from this audience. Keep in mind, though, that each of these individuals enters into the communication process with ideas and feelings that will undoubtedly influence their understanding of your message, and their response.To be a successful communicator you should consider these before delivering your message, and act appropriately. Wk 5: Dis You have read about ethics and social responsibility, and perhaps watched this week’s video selection. Consider what you have learned, and apply it to your own business area. In this week’s class discussion, you will describe ethical situations in a manager’s role related to your area of study. Discuss the following: Describe three common ethical iss ues facing managers in your chosen industry. The industry of my choice is Business management.I chose this because I want to own my own business and be my own boss. The three ethical issues that I feel that managers are facing in this industry is 1. Discrimination 2. Fraud 3. Authority. 1. Discrimination is a serious issue in a lot of businesses today. Some companies discriminate against race, sex/gender, and most often now sexual preference. There is a place in my town that actually won't hire anyone but Mexicans because they are said they work harder than anyone else. Sure they have a few of blacks and whites there.My so called in-law is a supervisor there and told me before I put in my application that they are not gonna hire me because they want more Mexicans. It's crazy but true and it's not fair. I am a hard worker and I shouldn't be denied a job because of my race. 2. Fraud is another issue and a lot of are guilty of it. Employees and managers are guilty of it just to get a h igher position or just hired. Some lie about education and work history. We lie because most companies don't check everything on the application. If everything was checked then it would be a lot of sad unemployed people.Lying about education, work history and qualification is in every company. This â€Å"person† I know found a website to get fake GEDs and she is using hers. She been with the company for 3 years. If they are not gonna check all information on applications then they are lying themselves. They say they go over applications and they don't. 3. Authority is the biggest issue to me personally. I have worked for my in-law about 10 years ago (before the mexican issue) and she abused her authority. She felt that since she was in a higher position she would use it and make us (workers) so some of her work.She would pull some of us off our machines to do inventory. We did it for a while until the plant had a company meeting. We were told what our jobs were and asked why were doing other things that kept our production low. No one spoke up until I did. Some feared they would lose their jobs but not ME. I told on her and she was so they started making her do inventory and record it on paper. She was mad at me and I didn't care because she was not my cup of tea anyway. We all got a $1 raise because we had done our job and part of hers also. Wk 6: DisIn this week’s class discussion, you will consider the legal, ethical, and social implications of real world business practices. Find an example of a business facing a legal, ethical, and/or social responsibility dilemma. Create a one-paragraph summary of the dilemma and the steps you think the organization should take to resolve the issue. My story will be about KFC there first battle was the dead chickens that they are suppose to disposal, they continue to use them for more meat. For people to know that it can be a very big lost on customers and a very bad look on the business.The second battle wa s from a twister chicken wrap, a 14 year old girl was brain damaged from eating one it nearly killed her. She was in a coma for at least 6 months at the age of 7 trying to recover from the sickness. She had caught a disease they call Spastic Quadriplegia, and it damages all four limbs so they had no choice but to place her in a wheelchair. She was awarded 5 million from the problems that KFC caused the parents said it will be a very big help because of the situation, but she is still torn that daughter had to face these problems and deal with it for the rest of her life.This should be a lesson to everybody that is why I am so funny with my food now and seeing two things happen like this just led me with the choice of never going back KFC ever again. This is life threatening things that can happen in the line of business that's why when it comes to me having a business everything will be legit. Wk 8: Dis Managers are affected by the organizational environment, and help to create it. Their role is instrumental in a successful organizational culture. In this week’s class discussion, you will define the manager’s role as it relates to various organizational cultures.Discuss the following: Think of an organization with which you are very familiar. How flexible/rigid are the managers at this organization with regard to policies and personnel? Identify and describe the factors you think helped to shape this organization’s culture. Strategic planning involves a set of procedures for making decisions about the organizations long-term goals. In order to achieve these goals, managers have to devise a plan that incorporates both flexible and ridged forms of management (Bohlander ; Snell, 2010). On many occasions in the past, I have worked as a customer service agent.In this position, customer agents have access to personal information of their customer. Customer service agents must comply with laws set forth by the government. Not following these proc edures during every call could possibly render huge fines or, worst case scenario, dissolution of the organization. For this reason, certain disclosures and/or disclaimers must be stated during each and every call. In this case, I had very rigid rules, regulations, policies and procedures to follow in order to avoid legal ramifications or loss of employment.At the same time, I was given some empowerment in order to satisfy customer complaints and issues such as changes to the account, issuing credits, or billing discrepancies. Helping customers find the best solution to their problem requires some flexibility, but the degree was still limited. We had a few solutions to choose from that did not require manager approval. If the issue could not be resolved with what we had to work with, then the manager’s approval was needed. Although most agents these days are given more freedom to make decisions, there are still boundaries that cannot be crossed or overlooked.Companies are bec oming more lenient and allowing employees to use their judgment in areas of customer satisfaction. Empowerment managers or employees make them feel content, capable, and competent. This in turn will elevate morale, enhance the company’s culture, and increase customer loyalty (Williams, 2012). Sources: Bohlander, G. , ; Snell, S. (2010). Managing human resources. Mason: Cengage Learning Williams, C. (2012). Effective management. Mason: Cengage Learning Wk 9: Dis Delegation is one of the important roles of management.In the class discussion for this week, you will practice demonstrating effective delegation techniques and strategies. Consider your own experiences in your discussion. Discuss the following: List three work tasks that managers could successfully delegate to employees. * A manager could instruct an associate employee to do simply housekeeping tasks such as sweeping, mopping, wiping surfaces and cleaning bathrooms. I feel that the delegation of power to the associat e employee gives the managers time to do more important tasks to the business. * A manager could delegate the responsibility of restocking merchandise.This delegation of authority not only frees up the managers schedule but also instill some pride for the employee on their involvement within the company. * A manger could delegate assistant manager to do inventory reports, scheduling other employees and making orders from vendors. This ensures that the assistant manager can continue the business the way the manager would run it in their absence. List three work tasks that managers should not delegate. * I do not feel that any form of Loss prevention should be handled by any other employee than the manager.With keeping this task with the manager the possibility of preventing employee theft goes up. * Keeping up and maintaining sales goals should not be delegated to other employees. If the employee is focused on sales goals their customer service skills could become lax in hopes of rea ching the goals. This could also place doubt the employees mind about the security of their position with the company. * Customer Complaints is also something that should be handled directly with the manager. With the manager having more experience with irate customers the situation is more likely to be resolved with as little conflict as possible.Explain your reasoning Wk 10: Dis In the class discussion this week, you will consider the age and gender aspects of diversity within your field of specialization. Discuss the following: Think of an organization within your industry with which you are familiar. What is the approximate age range of its employees? 18 to 45 years of age. What would you guess is the average age? I would say the average age is 34. Which gender is more prevalent within the organization’s workforce? The male gender is dominant in this industry. Are most of the managers female or male? Male.How do the factors above influence the effectiveness of the organiz ation? This particular organization, one of the leading garage door companies in the bay area, is open minded to both males or females holding any position, from a person of labor to General Manager, as long as you are qualified. Every employee is treated with respect ; professional behavior. Because each new employee is trained properly ; supported by the staff, it creates a work environment where people enjoy working there ; have been there for many years. The best way I can describe it is the company has a family atmosphere about it.

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